How Do Computers Work?

Bharat Kumar


 

How Do Computers Work?

Computers operate through a cyclical process involving input, processing, storage, and output. Below is a simplified workflow:

1. Input:
Data (text, images, commands) is entered via input devices—keyboard, mouse, scanner, or microphone.

2. Processing:

  • The CPU fetches instructions and data from RAM (primary memory).

  • The Control Unit decodes instructions, guiding data flow.

  • The ALU performs calculations and logical operations.

  • Intermediate results may be stored in registers or cache for fast access.

3. Storage:

  • Primary Storage (RAM/ROM): Holds data and programs currently in use; volatile (RAM) or permanent (ROM).

  • Secondary Storage (HDD/SSD): Long‑term retention of files and applications; non‑volatile.

4. Output:
Processed information is delivered via output devices—monitor, printer, speakers, or file export.

5. Feedback (I/O Coordination):

  • I/O controllers manage data exchange between CPU, memory, and peripherals.

  • The Operating System schedules tasks and allocates resources.

6. Example Workflow:

  1. Booting: Power on → BIOS/UEFI loads OS into RAM.

  2. User Action: Open a word processor → OS locates program on disk and loads it into memory.

  3. Typing Text: Keyboard input moves to CPU via input controller; CPU updates document data in RAM.

  4. Saving File: CPU sends data from RAM to secondary storage through OS file system.

  5. Displaying on Screen: Video controller reads frame buffer (memory) and renders pixels on monitor.

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