Operating System – Detailed Notes

Bharat Kumar


 

💻 Operating System – Detailed Notes

✅ Definition:

An Operating System (OS) is system software that acts as an interface between the user and the computer hardware. It manages all hardware and software resources on a computer.

🎯 Main Functions of an Operating System:

FunctionDescription
1. User InterfaceAllows users to interact with the computer (e.g., GUI or Command Line).
2. Resource ManagementManages CPU, memory, storage, input/output devices.
3. File ManagementCreates, reads, writes, and deletes files and folders.
4. Process ManagementHandles running programs (called processes), multitasking.
5. Device ManagementControls all connected hardware (e.g., keyboard, printer).
6. Security and Access ControlProtects against unauthorized access using passwords or user accounts.
7. Error DetectionDetects and informs users of errors or hardware problems.

🖥️ Types of Operating Systems:

TypeDescriptionExample
1. Batch OSExecutes batches of jobs without user interaction.Early IBM systems
2. Time-sharing OSAllows many users to share system resources simultaneously.UNIX
3. Distributed OSRuns across multiple machines but looks like a single system.LOCUS
4. Real-Time OS (RTOS)Gives immediate response for critical tasks (used in robotics, medical systems).VxWorks, RTLinux
5. Network OSManages computers over a network.Novell NetWare, Windows Server
6. Mobile OSDesigned for mobile devices.Android, iOS
7. Embedded OSBuilt into devices like washing machines, ATMs, etc.FreeRTOS, Embedded Linux

🧑‍💻 Examples of Popular Operating Systems:

OS NameDeveloperDevice Type
Windows 10/11MicrosoftPersonal Computers
macOSAppleApple Computers
LinuxCommunity-basedPCs, Servers
AndroidGoogleSmartphones/Tablets
iOSAppleiPhones/iPads

🪟 Types of User Interfaces in OS:

Interface TypeDescriptionExample
GUI (Graphical User Interface)Uses images, icons, windows for interaction. Easy for beginners.Windows, macOS
CLI (Command Line Interface)User types text commands. Used by advanced users.Linux Terminal
Touch InterfaceControlled via touch (finger or stylus).Android, iOS
Voice InterfaceOperated using voice commands.Siri, Alexa

📌 Why is an Operating System Important?

  • Without an OS, you cannot run programs like MS Word or web browsers.

  • It manages all your files and organizes your system.

  • It helps in running multiple programs at the same time (multitasking).

  • Protects your data with user authentication and security settings.

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